PMC

Effects of blockers for subfamilies of Kir channels on NOP-mediated facilitation of membrane currents. A₁-A₄, Application of tertiapin-Q (250 nM) significantly reduced Kir channel currents at potentials negative to −120 mV, but had no significant effects on NOP-induced currents. A₁, I-V curves before and during the application of tertiapin-Q. A₂, Tertiapin-Q-elicited I-V curve of the net currents isolated by subtraction of the I-V curve in control condition from that during the application of tertiapin-Q. A₃, I-V curves constructed during the application of tertiapin-Q alone and during the application of both tertiapin-Q and NOP. A₄, Plot of NOP-elicited I-V curve of the net currents isolated by subtraction of the I-V curve in control condition from that during the application of NOP in two different extracellular solutions, normal extracellular solution and extracellular solution containing tertiapin-Q (TQ). B₁-B₄, Application of SCH23390 (20 μM) by itself failed to significantly alter Kir channel currents, but blocked NOP-induced increases in membrane currents at potentials negative to −80 mV. B₁, I-V curves before and during the application of SCH23390. B₂, SCH23390-elicited I-V curve of the net currents isolated by subtraction of the I-V curve in control condition from that during the application of SCH23390. B₃, I-V curves constructed during the application of SCH23390 alone and during the application of both SCH23390 and NOP. B₄, Plot of NOP-elicited I-V curve of the net currents isolated by subtraction of the I-V curve in control condition from that during the application of NOP in two different extracellular solutions, normal extracellular solution and extracellular solution containing SCH23390 (SCH). C₁-C₄, Application of ML133 (30 μM) alone significantly inhibited Kir channel currents at potentials negative to −90 mV and blocked NOP-induced increases in membrane currents at potentials negative to −70 mV. C₁, I-V curves before and during the application of ML133. C₂, ML133-elicited I-V curve of the net currents isolated by subtraction of the I-V curve in control condition from that during the application of ML133. C₃, I-V curves constructed during the application of ML133 alone and during the application of both ML133 and NOP. C₄, Plot of NOP- elicited I-V curve of the net currents isolated by subtraction of the I-V curve in control condition from that during the application of NOP in two different extracellular solutions, normal extracellular solution and extracellular solution containing ML133.

2D GRE phantom results. Signal in each vial plotted as a function of lipid fraction; each curve represents a different echo time (provided in legend) for (a) vials simulating unenhanced breast tissue, (b) vials doped with additional CrAcAc simulating enhancement and (c) the subtraction (|M_enhanced| − |M_unenhanced|). Subtraction signal below the dotted line represents paradoxical enhancement. (d) Subtraction % error in enhancement from the in-phase condition 100*[Sub (TE)-Sub(TE=4ms)/Sub(TE=4ms)] plotted as a function of lipid fraction, each curve representing a different TE. (e) Subtraction % error from in-phase plotted a function of echo time, each curve representing a different oil fraction (provided in the legend, FF). (f) Contour plot characterizing the subtraction % normalized error from in-phase as a function of both TE and oil fraction. Vertical dotted line denotes the in-phase condition for oil and methylene chloride at 1.5T (TE=3.9ms).

Fat-suppressed 3D VIBE phantom results. Signal from each vial plotted as a function of oil fraction for (a) vials simulating unenhanced breast tissue, each curve represents a difference echo time (provided in the legend). (b) Signal from vials with additional CrAcAc simulating enhanced breast tissue and (c) subtraction (|M_enhanced| − |M_unenhanced|) result; subtraction signal below the dashed line represents paradoxical enhancement. (d) Subtraction signal % error from in-phase condition plotted as a function of oil fraction, each curve again represents a different echo time. (e) Subtraction errors from in-phase plotted now as a function of echo time, each curve now represents a different oil fraction (provided in the legend, FF). (f) Contour plot characterizing % normalized subtraction error from in-phase as a function of echo time and oil fraction. The vertical dotted lines represent the in-phase condition for oil and methylene chloride at 1.5T (TE=3.9ms).

A – This graph shows the full expiratory pressure curve of an individual normal control subject. The red curve is the pre-atropine pressure curve, the green curve is the post atropine pressure curve and the blue curve is the subtraction curve (red curve minus green curve). The vertical line at zero on the X-axis represents the start of the right crural diaphragm (RCd). Note that there are two pressure peaks in the subtraction curve(blue). The distal peak represents the lower LES and the proximal peak represents the upper LES.
Fig. 2B – This graph shows the full expiratory pressure curve of an individual GERD patient. Note that there is only one pressure peak within the subtraction curve (Blue), which corresponds with the proximal peak in the normal control subjects.